Python for genomics day 05

Learn how to blog in Academic using Jupyter notebooks

Python for genomics day 05

Learn how to blog in Academic using Jupyter notebooks

目录

第五天的知识点总结.

FASTQ格式数据

Fastq是测序数据下机格式,其中包含测序序列(reads)的序列信息及其对应的测序质量信息。FASTQ格式文件中每个read由四行(name,sequence,comment,quality)描述,如下:

@YJM244_SRR800767.1 1 length=202      
TGTGAAACTTAGTTTTCTTTTTGTATTGGGGTGTAATTTCTTATTTTCCCTGTATTTCACCGCATGCAA      
+YJM244 : Geographic Location of Isolate: Romania, Source: Clinical      
CC@FDDFFHHHHHJJJJJJIIIJFHJGJJJJ:DCDDGHIJJG4DGIDGH<9??9=F@))B8-''557=A)? 

最开始,桑格研究所的FASTQ格式允许序列与质量信息分成多行进行保存,但是一般不推荐采用这种方式,因为第一和第三行开头的@与+符号同样也可能出现在质量信息中,可能会造成信息提取的困难.

name

其中第一行是该read的name,以“@”开头,随后为Illumina 测序标识符(Sequence Identifiers)和描述文字(选择性部分).不同的公司或者软件不太一样.他是每一条read的唯一标识符,同一份FASTQ文件中不会出现重复,甚至不同的FASTQ的文件中也不会出现重复.

以下面的为例:

@HWUSI-EAS100R:6:73:941:1973#0/1
Identifier Meaning
HWUSI-EAS100R the unique instrument name
6 flowcell lane
73 tile number within the flowcell lane
941 ‘x’-coordinate of the cluster within the tile
1973 ‘y’-coordinate of the cluster within the tile
#0 index number for a multiplexed sample (0 for no indexing)
/1 the member of a pair, /1 or /2 (paired-end or mate-pair reads only)

Sequence

第二行是碱基序列.由A,C,T,C.N五个字母组成,这也是我们真正关心的DNA序列,NA代表的是那些无法被识别出来的碱基.

Comment

第三行以“+”开头,在旧版的FASTQ文件中,会直接赋值第一行的信息,但是现在一般什么都不加,用以节省存储空间.

Quality

第四行是对应序列的测序质量。是和第二行的sequence一一对应的,所以第四行和第二行的长度必须相等.第四行中每个字符对应的ASCII值减去33,即为第二行对应碱基质量。用来描述每个测序碱基的可靠程度,用ASCII码表示.

FASTQ格式中质量值具有重要的作用,在很多的分析中会用到这个质量值,例如数据质控,数据过滤,序列拼接,短序列比对,变异检测中都要用到这个质量值。 这个质量值是基于phred质量值体系.

但是由于单个碱基无法与两位的质量值相匹配,例如A碱基对应的质量值为40,一个A字符对应两个字符40,因此需要将原始质量值加上33或者64,在转换为对应的ASCII码值,为何加33,因为33以下ASCII码无法用键盘字符表示出来。illumina测序1.8版本以上加33,以下加64。

质量评分(quality score,Q-score)是一个碱基的错误概率的对数值。由phred程序的开发者定义,一般可以称之为phred quality,

如果测序错误率用e表示,Illumina测序平台的碱基质量值用Qphred表示,则有下列关系:

$ASCII - 33 = Qphred = -10log10(e)$

此公式可说明,quality score越大测序错误率(e)越低,准确性越高.

A quality score (or Q-score) expresses an error probability. In particular, it serves as a convenient and compact way to communicate very small error probabilities.

Given an assertion, A, the quality score, Q(A), expresses the probability that A is not true, P(~A), according to the relationship:

Q(A) =-10 log10(P(~A))

where P(~A) is the estimated probability of an assertion A being wrong.

https://support.illumina.com/help/BaseSpace_OLH_009008/Content/Source/Informatics/BS/QualityScores_swBS.htm

碱基的quality score是怎么来的呢?

Phred最初是一个从测序仪中产生的荧光记录数据中识别碱基的程序。在早期的荧光染料测序中,每次发生碱基合成时会释放出荧光信号,该信号被CCD图像传感器捕获。记录下荧光信号的峰值,生成一个实时的轨迹数据(chromatogram)。因为不同的碱基用不用的颜色标记,检测这些峰值即可判断出对应的碱基。但由于这些信号的波峰、密度、形状和位置等是不连续或模糊的,有时很难根据波峰判断出正确的碱基。

Phred计算许多与波峰大小和分辨率相关的参数,根据这些参数,从一个巨大的查询表中找出碱基质量得分。这个查询表是根据对已知序列的测序数据分析得到的(应该是分析得到波峰参数与碱基错误率的关系,再通过公式把错误率转换成质量得分,得到波峰参数与质量得分的直接对应表)。不同的测序试剂和机器用不同的查询表。为了节约磁盘空间,质量得分(可能占用两个字符)按一定规则(Phred+33或Phred+64)被转换为单个字符表示。

碱基错误率和质量得分的关系由如下两种:

$Qphred = -10*log10(p)$

$Qillumina-prior to v.1.4 = -10log10(p/(1-p))$

读取FASTQ数据

首先定义读取FASTQ数据的函数.

def seq_list_from_fastq_file(filename):
'''
this function only get the sequence and quality informaton
'''
    seq_list = []
    quality_list = []
    
    with open(filename) as FASTQ_INPUT:
        line_cnt = 0
        for line in FASTQ_INPUT:
            line_cnt += 1
            if line_cnt == 2:
                seq_list.append(line.strip())
            if line_cnt % 4 == 0:
                quality_list.append(line.strip())
                line_cnt = 0

    return seq_list, quality_list

读取一个实例数据 下图是该数据的截图.可以看到comment除了+意外,没有任何内容.

# FASTQ from ChIP-seq experiment ENCSR784FYS
# file accession ENCFF733YBM
fastq_filename = 'ENCFF733YBM-trunc.fastq'
sequence, quality = seq_list_from_fastq_file(fastq_filename)

将读取到的sequence和quality信息打印出来.

# string at index 0 of list
print('Length of sequence list = ', len(sequence), ',\tFirst sequence = \'', \
      sequence[0], '\'', sep='')
print('Length of quality list  = ', len(quality),  ',\tFirst quality  = \'', \
      quality[0], '\'', sep='')
Length of sequence list = 100,  First sequence = 'GGCCGCCGCCCGAGTTCTGCGTACGAGAAGAAAGACGCGG'
Length of quality list  = 100,  First quality  = '<B/<BFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF'

可以看到该文件一共有100条read信息.根据对碱基质量的定义,我们可以把第一个read的每个碱基的quality score打印出来.

# take apart quality value encoding
for x in range(len(sequence[0])):
    print('{}\t{}\t{}\t{}\t{}'.format(sequence[0][x], 
                                              quality[0][x],
                                              ord(quality[0][x]) - 33,
                                              (ord(quality[0][x]) - 33) * -0.1,
                                              pow(10, (ord(quality[0][x]) - 33) * -0.1 )))
G   <   27  -2.7    0.001995262314968879
G   B   33  -3.3000000000000003 0.000501187233627272
C   /   14  -1.4000000000000001 0.03981071705534971
C   <   27  -2.7    0.001995262314968879
G   B   33  -3.3000000000000003 0.000501187233627272
C   F   37  -3.7    0.00019952623149688788
C   F   37  -3.7    0.00019952623149688788
G   F   37  -3.7    0.00019952623149688788
C   F   37  -3.7    0.00019952623149688788
C   F   37  -3.7    0.00019952623149688788
C   F   37  -3.7    0.00019952623149688788
G   F   37  -3.7    0.00019952623149688788
A   F   37  -3.7    0.00019952623149688788
G   F   37  -3.7    0.00019952623149688788
T   F   37  -3.7    0.00019952623149688788
T   F   37  -3.7    0.00019952623149688788
C   F   37  -3.7    0.00019952623149688788
T   F   37  -3.7    0.00019952623149688788
G   F   37  -3.7    0.00019952623149688788
C   F   37  -3.7    0.00019952623149688788
G   F   37  -3.7    0.00019952623149688788
T   F   37  -3.7    0.00019952623149688788
A   F   37  -3.7    0.00019952623149688788
C   F   37  -3.7    0.00019952623149688788
G   F   37  -3.7    0.00019952623149688788
A   F   37  -3.7    0.00019952623149688788
G   F   37  -3.7    0.00019952623149688788
A   F   37  -3.7    0.00019952623149688788
A   F   37  -3.7    0.00019952623149688788
G   F   37  -3.7    0.00019952623149688788
A   F   37  -3.7    0.00019952623149688788
A   F   37  -3.7    0.00019952623149688788
A   F   37  -3.7    0.00019952623149688788
G   F   37  -3.7    0.00019952623149688788
A   F   37  -3.7    0.00019952623149688788
C   F   37  -3.7    0.00019952623149688788
G   F   37  -3.7    0.00019952623149688788
C   F   37  -3.7    0.00019952623149688788
G   F   37  -3.7    0.00019952623149688788
G   F   37  -3.7    0.00019952623149688788

再看一下quality score的计算办法.

每个碱基的quality score都是使用一个ASCII字符来表示的. 比如第一个read的质量:

quality[0]
quality[0][0]
'<'
ord(quality[0][0])
60

第一个碱基的quality score的字符是<,ord函数是用来返回一个字符的unicode code.所以对于某个碱基,他的quality score就是ord(quality) - 33.

help(ord)
Help on built-in function ord in module builtins:

ord(c, /)
    Return the Unicode code point for a one-character string.
print(sequence[0][0])#碱基
print(quality[0][0])#碱基质量字符
print(ord(quality[0][0]) - 33)#碱基quality score
G
<
60
27

下面我们用quality score这个碱基错误的概率值.

qs = ord(quality[0][0]) - 33
print(qs)
print(qs * -0.1)
pow(10, (qs * -0.1 ))
27
-2.7





0.001995262314968879
help(pow)
Help on built-in function pow in module builtins:

pow(x, y, z=None, /)
    Equivalent to x**y (with two arguments) or x**y % z (with three arguments)

    Some types, such as ints, are able to use a more efficient algorithm when
    invoked using the three argument form.

可以看到该碱基错误的概率为0.001995.也就是说,错误概率越小,quality score越大.

# a little easier to view with just the unique characters
quality_set = set(list(quality[0]))
print(quality_set)
# add float and scientific notation to output of probability
print('char\tASCII\tqual\texponent\tprob')
for x in quality_set:
    print('{}\t{}\t{}\t{:f}\t{:e}'.format(x,
                                        ord(x),
                                        ord(x) - 33,
                                        (ord(x) - 33) * -0.1,
                                        pow(10, (ord(x) - 33) * -0.1 )))
{'/', 'B', '<', 'F'}
char    ASCII   qual    exponent    prob
/   47  14  -1.400000   3.981072e-02
B   66  33  -3.300000   5.011872e-04
<   60  27  -2.700000   1.995262e-03
F   70  37  -3.700000   1.995262e-04

上面这段代码展示了几种在第一个read中,几种quality的字符所代表的ASCII code,以及错误率.

完整的ASCII tabe可以看这里. https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~pattis/15-1XX/common/handouts/ascii.html

我们在计算一个,如果知道错误率,那么得到的字符应该是什么.

# more exploring
import math as math
quality_prob = 1.995262e-04
print('math.log():\t\t',                   math.log(quality_prob, 10) * -10)
print('int(math.log()):\t',            int(math.log(quality_prob, 10) * -10))
print('chr(int(math.log())):\t\'', chr(int(math.log(quality_prob, 10) * -10)), '\'', sep='')
math.log():      37.000000685570285
int(math.log()):     37
chr(int(math.log())):   '%'
print('chr(int(math.log()) + 33):\t\'', chr(int(math.log(quality_prob, 10) * -10) + 33), '\'', sep='')
chr(int(math.log()) + 33):  'F'

另一种读取FASTQ数据的方法

ks = ['name', 'sequence', 'optional', 'quality']

def process_lines(lines):
    '''
    process a group of 4 lines from fastq file
    dividing them into dictionary, with a key for each category
    '''
    record = {}

    for x in range(len(lines)):
        record[ks[x]] = lines[x]

    return record

首先定义一个读取每个read的函数.

fastq_dictionary = {}

with open(fastq_filename) as FASTQ_INPUT:
    line_cnt = 0
    lines = []
    output_lines = 0
    for line in FASTQ_INPUT:
        line_cnt += 1
        lines.append(line.rstrip())
        if line_cnt % 4 == 0:
            record_dict = process_lines(lines)
            line_cnt = 0
            lines = []
            output_lines += 1
            if output_lines < 7:
                print(record_dict)
            fastq_dictionary[record_dict['name']] = record_dict
{'name': '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:1501:2192 1:N:0:0', 'sequence': 'GGCCGCCGCCCGAGTTCTGCGTACGAGAAGAAAGACGCGG', 'optional': '+', 'quality': '<B/<BFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF'}
{'name': '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:1586:2227 1:N:0:0', 'sequence': 'GCACGCCGACAGCGAGGGAAGGGAGGAGGAGGGAGACGCG', 'optional': '+', 'quality': '<</<<B/FFFFFFFBFFFBFFFFFFFBFF/FFBFFFFFFF'}
{'name': '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:1699:2242 1:N:0:0', 'sequence': 'CCTTTTTTAGCAATGACCCAAATACTTGTTCAGAAATTAG', 'optional': '+', 'quality': '<B/<BFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF'}
{'name': '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:1848:2207 1:N:0:0', 'sequence': 'TGGTATTTATAGAGTAAGGAGTTGCCTCTTCTAAGAAGGG', 'optional': '+', 'quality': '<B/<BFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF'}
{'name': '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:1917:2221 1:N:0:0', 'sequence': 'GATCGGAAGAGCACACGTCTCGTATGCCGTCTTCTGCTTG', 'optional': '+', 'quality': '<<<<<<<F<FB<FFFFFFFF/BFFFFFFFFFFFFFBFFF<'}
{'name': '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:1953:2230 1:N:0:0', 'sequence': 'CTTTCTCCTGTCTCAGGTGACCAAGAATATGGCCCAGGTG', 'optional': '+', 'quality': '<</<<FBFFFFFFBFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF<FFFFFFF'}
print(len(fastq_dictionary))
print(fastq_dictionary.keys())
fastq_dictionary[list(fastq_dictionary.keys())[0]]
100
dict_keys(['@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:1501:2192 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:1586:2227 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:1699:2242 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:1848:2207 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:1917:2221 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:1953:2230 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:1787:2250 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:2095:2230 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:2296:2185 1:Y:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:2372:2192 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:3089:2192 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:3235:2205 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:3006:2209 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:3276:2220 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:3530:2181 1:Y:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:3628:2193 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:3614:2206 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:4033:2192 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:4186:2218 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:4130:2219 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:4201:2236 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:4065:2240 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:4081:2245 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:4331:2209 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:4628:2230 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:4570:2244 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:4768:2186 1:Y:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:5165:2217 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:5406:2197 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:5733:2194 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:5618:2239 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:5995:2220 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:6095:2222 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:6170:2241 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:6261:2196 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:6395:2231 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:6642:2202 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:6547:2249 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:6870:2238 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:7035:2220 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:7395:2192 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:7336:2215 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:7473:2235 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:8050:2179 1:Y:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:8239:2188 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:8005:2191 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:8139:2200 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:8096:2216 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:8459:2200 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:8364:2206 1:Y:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:8265:2216 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:8519:2237 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:8635:2239 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:9166:2216 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:9103:2220 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:9364:2224 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:9707:2181 1:Y:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:9748:2215 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:9558:2248 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:10105:2194 1:Y:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:10298:2193 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:10376:2209 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:10728:2245 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:10624:2249 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:10894:2186 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:10857:2226 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:10756:2250 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:11123:2222 1:Y:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:11406:2198 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:11675:2186 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:11873:2196 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:11829:2239 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:12090:2181 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:12190:2185 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:12449:2216 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:12301:2219 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:12319:2234 1:Y:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:12354:2246 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:12965:2208 1:N:0:0', 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'@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:14242:2220 1:N:0:0', '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:14052:2226 1:N:0:0'])





{'name': '@D00611:288:C9C4PANXX:2:2202:1501:2192 1:N:0:0',
 'sequence': 'GGCCGCCGCCCGAGTTCTGCGTACGAGAAGAAAGACGCGG',
 'optional': '+',
 'quality': '<B/<BFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF'}

这段代码,将FASTQ文件读成一个dict中,每个read又是其中一个dict.然后有四个key.

BED file format数据

This format is used to provide called peaks of signal enrichment based on pooled, normalized (interpreted) data. It is a BED6+4 format.

  1. chrom - Name of the chromosome (or contig, scaffold, etc.).
  2. chromStart - The starting position of the feature in the chromosome or scaffold. The first base in a chromosome is numbered 0.
  3. chromEnd - The ending position of the feature in the chromosome or scaffold. The chromEnd base is not included in the display of the feature. For example, the first 100 bases of a chromosome are defined as chromStart=0, chromEnd=100, and span the bases numbered 0-99.
  4. name - Name given to a region (preferably unique). Use “.” if no name is assigned.
  5. score - Indicates how dark the peak will be displayed in the browser (0-1000). If all scores were “‘0”’ when the data were submitted to the DCC, the DCC assigned scores 1-1000 based on signal value. Ideally the average signalValue per base spread is between 100-1000.
  6. strand - +/- to denote strand or orientation (whenever applicable). Use “.” if no orientation is assigned.
  7. signalValue - Measurement of overall (usually, average) enrichment for the region.
  8. pValue - Measurement of statistical significance (-log10). Use -1 if no pValue is assigned.
  9. qValue - Measurement of statistical significance using false discovery rate (-log10). Use -1 if no qValue is assigned.
  10. peak - Point-source called for this peak; 0-based offset from chromStart. Use -1 if no point-source called.

column headings

每个列代表的含义如下:

Column Meaning
0 CHROM
1 CHROMSTART
2 CHROMEND
3 NAME
4 SCORE
5 STRAND
6 SIGNALVALUE
7 PVALUE
8 QVALUE
9 PEAK

下面我们打开一个BED文件.

# module for handling gzip formatted files.
import gzip
RBFOX2_HepG2_filename = 'ENCFF014SMJ_RBFOX2_HepG2_ChIP-seq-chr21.bed.gz'
# What is the minimum and maximum signal values for this file
max_value = 0.0
min_value = 1.0e6
print(max_value)
print(min_value)
0.0
1000000.0
file = gzip.open(RBFOX2_HepG2_filename, 'rt')
print(file)
print(type(file))
<_io.TextIOWrapper name='ENCFF014SMJ_RBFOX2_HepG2_ChIP-seq-chr21.bed.gz' encoding='cp936'>
<class '_io.TextIOWrapper'>
# for line in file:
#     ols = line.rstrip('\n').split('\t')
#     print(ols)
    
for idx in range(0, len(file), 5):
    line = file[idx]
    ols = line.rstrip('\n').split('\t')
    print(ols)
    
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)

<ipython-input-92-8900d0cb8c79> in <module>
      3 #     print(ols)
      4 
----> 5 for idx in range(0, len(file), 5):
      6     line = file[idx]
      7     ols = line.rstrip('\n').split('\t')


TypeError: object of type '_io.TextIOWrapper' has no len()
# with gzip.open(RBFOX2_HepG2_filename, 'rt') as BED_FILE:
#     for line in BED_FILE:
#         cols = line.rstrip('\n').split('\t')
#         if float(cols[SIGNALVALUE]) > max_value:
#             max_value = float(cols[SIGNALVALUE])
#         if float(cols[SIGNALVALUE]) < min_value:
#             min_value = float(cols[SIGNALVALUE])

# print('min =', min_value, 'max =', max_value)

with gzip.open(RBFOX2_HepG2_filename, 'rt') as BED_FILE:
    for line in BED_FILE:
        cols = line.rstrip('\n').split('\t')
        if float(cols[6]) > max_value:
            max_value = float(cols[6])
        if float(cols[6]) < min_value:
            min_value = float(cols[6])

print('min =', min_value, 'max =', max_value)
min = 2.00053908793031 max = 231.272535106579
os.getcwd()
'D:\\my github\\shen\\content\\en\\post\\2019-12-02-python-for-genomics-class_day05'
os.listdir()
['.ipynb_checkpoints',
 'ENCFF014SMJ_RBFOX2_HepG2_ChIP-seq-chr21.bed.gz',
 'ENCFF733YBM-trunc.fastq',
 'fastq.png',
 'featured.png',
 'index.ipynb']

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